POLEMIK AMALAN KHITĀN WANITA DI MALAYSIA MENURUT PERSPEKTIF ISLAM: SUATU KAJIAN AWAL

Polemics Surrounding Female Circumcision Practices in Malaysia from an Islamic Perspective: A Review

Authors

  • Norazam Khair Mohd Ithnin University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Ishak Suliaman University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Abdul Halim Ibrahim University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22452/fiqh.vol20no1.3

Keywords:

Female Circumcision, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), Malaysia, Tradition, Hadith

Abstract

The practice of female circumcision in Malaysia has been heavily criticized as being similar to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa. This criticism followed a 2018 United Nations Human Rights (UNHR) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) recommendation, which called on Malaysia to stop the practice. Among the claims made were that female circumcision is just a tradition and not a religious requirement, and that the hadith used to justify the practice is not authoritative. This study aims to identify the polemics surrounding the practice of female circumcision in Malaysia. It is an initial qualitative study that uses content analysis to analyze data. The study found that there are five main reasons that have caused the polemics regarding female circumcision in Malaysia such as a disagreement regarding the practice of female circumcision in Malaysia, with some viewing it as a local custom. Furthermore, contemporary scholars are debating its legitimacy based on the authentication of relevant hadith sources. Meanwhile, the different methods employed raise concerns about the understanding and implementation of female circumcision among medical practitioners in Malaysia, further exacerbated by the absence of authoritative guidelines on female circumcision by regulatory authorities in Malaysia. In conclusion, this study suggests that the polemics surrounding female circumcision in Malaysia must be resolved by continuing research that can produce safe and Shariah-compliant guidelines.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Norazam Khair Mohd Ithnin, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

(Corresponding Author)

References

‘Abd al-‘Azīz bin ‘Abd Allāh bin Bāz, Majmū’ Fatāwā wa Maqālāt Mutanawwi’ah (Saudi: Riāsah Idārah al-Buḥūth al-‘Ilmiyyah wa al-Iftā’ bi al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabiyyah al-Sa’ūdiyyah, t.t.) 10: 46.

Ab. Rahman Isa et al., “The Practice of Female Circumcision among Muslims in Kelantan, Malaysia”, Reproductive Health Matters, 7.13 (1999) 137-144.

Abdul Rahmad Sakka, “Kritik Sanad Hadis Khitān Terhadap Perempuan Sebagai Kehormatan”, Nukhbatul ‘Ulum: Jurnal Bidang Kajian Islam, 7:1 (2021) 99-118.

Abdul Rashid dan Yufu Iguchi, “Female Genital Cutting in Malaysia: A Mixed-methods Study”, BMJ Open, (2019) 6.

Abdul Rashid et al., “Medicalization of Female Genital Cutting in Malaysia: A Mixed Methods Study”, Plos Medicine, (2020) 1-22.

Abū ‘Abd Allāḥ al-Ḥākim Muḥammad bin ‘Abd Allāh al-Naysābūrī, al-Mustadrak ‘alā al-Ṣaḥīḥayn, ed. Muṣṭafā ‘Abd al-Qādir (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1990) 3: 603.

Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khalīl bin Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī, Kitāb al-ʿAyn, ed. Mahdī al-Makhzūmī dan Ibrāhīm al-Sāmarāī (t.tp.: Dār Maktabah al-Hilāl, t.t.) 4: 238.

Abū ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Muḥammad bin Nūḥ al-Albānī, Silsilah al-Aḥādīth al-Ṣaḥīḥah wa Shay’ min Fiqhihā wa Fawāidihā (Riyāḍ: Maktabah al-Ma’ārif li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzī’, 1995) 2: 348.

Abū ʿAmrū ʿUthmān bin ʿAbd al-Raḥmān bin al-Ṣalāḥ, Fatāwā Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, ed. Muwwafiq ʿAbd Allāh (Beirut: ʿĀlim al-Kutub, 1987) 2: 442.

Abū Bakar Aḥmad bin al-Husayn bin ‘Alī al-Bayhaqī, al-Sunan al-Kubrā, ed. Muḥammad ‘Abd al-Qādir ‘Aṭā (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2003) 8: 562.

Abū Dawud Sulaymān bin Isḥāq al-Ash’ath al-Sijistānī, Sunan Abī Dawud, ed. Shu’ayb al-Arnaūṭ (t.p. Dār al-Risālah al-‘Ālamiyyah, 2009) 7: 541 .

Abū al-Faḍl Aḥmad bin ‘Alī bin Ḥajar al-‘Asqalānī, Fatḥ al-Bārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, ed. Muḥib al-Dīn al-Khaṭib et al. (Beirut: Dār al-Ma’rifah, 1959) 10: 340.

Abū al-Faḍl Aḥmad bin ‘Alī bin Ḥajar al-‘Asqalānī, Ḥidāyah al-Ruwāh ilā Takhrīj Aḥādīth al-Maṣābīḥ wa al-Mishkāh, ed. ‘Alī bin Ḥasan al-Ḥalabī (Kaherah: Dār Ibn ‘Affān, 2001) 4: 245.

Abū al-Faḍl Muḥammad bin Mukarram bin Manẓūr al-Anṣārī, Lisān al-ʿArab (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1993) 7: 146.

Abū al-Fayḍ Aḥmad bin al-Ṣiddīq al-Ghumārī, al-Mudāwī li ‘Ilal al-Jāmi’ al-Ṣaghīr wa Sharḥay al-Munāwī (Kaherah: Dār al-Kutbī, 1996) 1: 240.

Abū al-Hasan ‘Alī bin Muḥammad al-Baghdādī al-Māwardī, al-Ḥāwī al-Kabīr fī Fiqh Mazhab al-Imām al-Shāfi’ī, ed. ‘Alī Muḥammad Mu’awwaḍ dan ‘Ādil Aḥmad (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1999) 13: 433.

Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī bin Ismāʿīl bin Sayyidihi al-Mursī, al-Muḥkam wa al-Muhīṭ al-Aʿzam, ed. ʿAbd al-Ḥumayd Hindāwī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2000) 5: 151.

Abū al-Hasan Nūr al-Dīn ‘Alī bin Abī Bakr al-Haythamī, Majma’ al-Zawāid wa Manba’ al-Fawāid, ed. Hussām al-Dīn al-Qudsī, (Kaherah: Maktabah al-Qudsī, 1994) 5: 172.

Abū al-Hasan Nur al-Dīn al-Mullā ‘Alī al-Qārī, Mirqāh al-Mafātīḥ Sharh Mishkāh al-Maṣābīh, (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2002) 7: 2834.

Abū al-Maʿālī ʿAbd al-Malik bin ʿAbd Allāh al-Juwaynī, Nihāyah al-Maṭlab fī Dirāyah al-Mazhab, ed. ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm Maḥmūd al-Dīb (Riyāḍ: Dār al-Minhāj, 2007) 17: 354.

Abū al-Maḥāsin ʿAbd al-Wāḥid bin Ismāʿīl al-Rūyānī, Baḥr al-Mazhab fī Furūʿ al-Mazhab, ed. Ṭāriq Fatḥī al-Sayyid (t.tp: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2009) 13: 144.

Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Azharī al-Harawī, Tahdhīb al-Lughah, ed. Muḥammad ʿIwaḍ (Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 2001) 7: 132.

Abū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd bin ʿAmrū al-Zamakhsharī, al-Fā’iq fī Gharīb al-Ḥadīth wa al-Athar, ed. ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bijāwī dan Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm (Lubnān: Dār al-Maʿrifah, t.t.) 1: 385.

Abū Yaḥyā Zakariyyā bin Muḥammad al-Anṣārī, Asnā al-Maṭālib fī Sharḥ Rawḍ al-Ṭālib (t.tp., Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, t.t.) 4: 164.

Abū Zakariyyā Muḥyī al-Dīn bin Sharaf al-Nawawī, al-Majmūʿ sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab, (Kaherah: Idārah al-Ṭibāʿah al-Munīriyyah, 1928) 1: 302.

Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Ḥajar al-Haytamī, Tuḥfah al-Muḥtāj fī Sharḥ al-Minhāj (Mesir: Maṭba’ah Muṣṭafā al-Ḥalabī, 1983) 9: 200.

Ahmad Sanusi, “Khitān Perempuan: Menolak Pandangan Sisters”, dikemaskini 31 Januari 2019, diakses 27 Januari 2022, https://www.facebook.com/DrAhmadSanusi/photos/khitān-perempuan-menolak-pandangan-sisters-1-saya-ditanya-berkenaan-artikel-mala/805695763100885/.

Alamsyah, “Memahami Hadis Nabi Tentang Khitān Perempuan Dari Pespektif Historis-Fenomenologis”, Ijtimaiyya, 7:1 (2014) 109-124.

Anisah binti Abd. Ghani, “Amalan Khitān Anak Perempuan Dalam Masyarakat Melayu”, Jurnal Syariah 3:1 (1995) 73-83.

Armello Andro dan Marie Lesclingand, “Female Genital Mutilation: Overview and Current Knowledge”, Population, 71: 2 (2016) 217-296.

Asian Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women, “Malaysia Must End Female Genital Mutilation”, dikemaskini 8 Februari 2019, diakses 26 Januari 2022, https://arrow.org.my/malaysia-must-end-female-genital-mutilation-asian-pacific-resource-and-research-centre-for-women/.

Bernama, “Khatan bayi perempuan di Malaysia berbeza – Dr Dzulkefly,” diakses pada 26 Januari 2022, dikemaskini pada 17 November 2018, https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/khatan-bayi-perempuan-di-malaysia-berbeza-dr-dzulkefly-191357.

Boddy Janice, "Womb as oasis: the symbolic context of pharaonic circumcision in rural Northern Sudan." American Ethnologist, 9:4 (1982) 682-698.

CEDAW/C/MYS.CO/3-5: Concluding Observations on the Combined Third to Fifth Periodic Reports of Malaysia, 14 Mac 2018.

CEDAW/C/MYS/Q/3-5/Add.1: List of Issues and Questions in Relation to the Combined Third to Fifth Periodic Reports of Malaysia, 17 November 2017.

Chen Yih Wen dan Myrra Baity, “The Hidden Cut”, diakses 25 Januari 2022, https://www.rage.com.my/the-hidden-cut/.

Comfort Momoh, “Female Genital Mutilation”, Trends in Urology Gynaecology & Sexual Health (2010) 11-14.

Dār al-Iftā’ al-Miṣriyyah, Fatāwī Dār al-Iftā’ al-Miṣriyyah (Kaherah: t.p., 1895) 2: 209.

Dana Sawan, “Clitoral Hood Reduction”, diakses pada 25 Januari 2021, https://drdanasawan.com/en/clitoral-hood-reduction/.

Dewi Kotijah, “Praktik Khitān Perempuan di Desa Jembul Wunut Kecamatan Gunungwungkal Kabuten Pati” (Disertasi Sarjana Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semerang, 2017) 33-41.

Diyana Ibrahim, “Khatan perempuan: KPWKM akan bincang dengan Kementerian Kesihatan,” diakses pada 26 Januari 2022, dikemaskini pada 2018, https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/khatan-perempuan-kpwkm-akan-bincang-dengan-kementerian-kesihatan-191177.

Fatāwā Dār al-Iftā’, “Khitān al-Ināth”, dikemaskini 28 November 2011, diakses 25 Januari 2022, https://www.dar-alifta.org/ar/fatawa/14888/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AB.

Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, “Hukum Pemotongan Genitalia Wanita,” diakses 24 Januari 2022, http://e-smaf.islam.gov.my/e-smaf/index.php/main/mainv1/fatwa/pr/15253.

Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, Panduan Amalan Berkhatan dalam Islam (Selangor: OMR Press, 2018) 3.

JAKIM (S).600-8/25/1, Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) kepada Prof Madya Dr Ishak bin Suliaman, 1 Disember 2021.

Jamāl Abū al-Surūr et al., Khitān al-Ināth Bayna al-Maghlūṭ ‘Ilmiyyan wa al-Multabis Fiqhiyyan (Mesir: al-Markaz al-Duwalī al-Islāmī li al-Dirāsat wa al-Buhūth al-Sakaniyyah, 2013) 20.

Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Ṭāhir bin ʿAlī al-Ṣiddīqī al-Hindī, Majmaʿ Biḥār al-Anwār fī Gharā’ib al-Tanzīl wa Laṭā’if al-Akhbār, (t.tp.: Maṭbaʿah Majlis Dā’irah al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyyah, 1967) 3: 256.

John G. Hunter et al., “Labia Minora, Labia Majora and Clitoral Hood Alteration: Experience-Based Recommendations”, Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 36: 1 (2016) 71-79.

Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat, entri, “berkhatan”, laman sesawang Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM), diakses 14 Mac 2023, https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=berkhatan&d=243192&.

Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, Garis Panduan Berkhatan Teknik Dorsal Slit Penolong Pegawai Perubatan (Selangor: Percetakan Mesbah, t.t.) 1.

Maḥmūd Shaltūt, al-Fatāwā: Dirāsah li Mushkilāt al-Muslim al-Mu’āṣir fī Ḥayātihi al-Yawniyyah wa al-‘Āmmah (Kaherah: Dār al-Shurūq, 2001) 333-334.

Manar Al-Adam, “Malaysia’s Anti-FGM Advocates: Leave Our Bodies Alone”, dikemaskini 7 Februari 2020, diakses 26 Januari 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/7/malaysias-anti-fgm-advocates-leave-our-bodies-alone.

Manṣūr bin Yūnus bin Idrīs al-Buhūtī, Daqāiq Ūlī al-Nuhā li Sharḥ al-Muntahā (Beirut: Dār ‘Ālim al-Kutub, 1993) 1:44.

M. Ihsan Karaman, “Female Circumcision Debate: A Muslim Surgeon’s Perspective”, Turkish Journal of Urology, 47: 3 (2021) 193-198.

Mohd Amirul Hassan Ahmad Tajuddin, “Hadis-Hadis Khitān Wanita: Suatu Penilaian Semula Serta Implikasi Terhadap Diskusi Semasa”, al-Takamul al-Ma’rifi, 2.2 (2019) 49-89.

Mohd Awang Idris et al., Metodologi Penyelidikan Sains Sosial, (Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 2018) 76.

Muḥammad Amīn bin ‘Umar bin ‘Ābidīn, Radd al-Muḥtār ‘alā al-Dur al-Mukhtār (Mesir: Maṭba’ah Muṣṭafā al-Ḥalabī, 1966) 6: 751.

Muḥammad bin Aḥmad al-Dusūqī, “Ḥashiyyah al-Dusūqī ‘alā al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr”, dicetak bersama Aḥmad bin Muḥammad al-Dardīr, Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Khalīl (t.tp., Dār al-Fikr, t.t.) 1: 312.

Muḥammad bin Ṣāliḥ bin ‘Uthaymīn, al-Liqā’ al-Shahrī, (t.tp.: Durūs Ṣawtiyyah Qāma bi Tafrīghihā Mawqi’ al-Shabakah al-Islāmiyyah, 2010) 54: 23.

Muḥammad bin Muḥammad al-Shanqīṭī, Lawāmi’ al-Durar fī Hatki Astār al-Mukhtaṣar (Mauritania: Dār al-Riḍwān, 2015) 5: 156.

Muhammad Sauki, “Khitān Perempuan Perspektif Hadis dan Sirkumsisi Perempuan Menurut WHO” (Disertasi Sarjana Jurusan Tafsir Hadis, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2010) 48-52.

Nurma Sayyidah, “Hadis Tentang Hukum Khitān Perempuan (Kajian Sanad dan Matan)”, Jurnal Studi Ilmu-Ilmu al-Qur’an dan Hadis, 17:1 (2016) 147-160.

Peter F. Schnatz et al., “Elective Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery”, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist, 135: 1 (2020) 36-42.

Rafidah Hanim Mokhtar et al., “The Study of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Female Circumcision Among Female Patients at O&G Outpatient Department, Hospital Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia”, ‘Ulūm Islāmiyyah: The Malaysian Journal of Islamic Sciences, 21 (2017) 15-24.

al-Riāsah al-‘Āmah li al-Buḥūth al-‘Ilmiyyah wa al-Iftā’, “Khitān al-Nisā’ Makrumah”, diakses 25 Januari 2022, https://www.alifta.gov.sa/Ar/IftaContents/Pages/FatawaChapters.aspx?cultStr=ar&View=Page&PageID=1448&PageNo=1&BookID=3.

Rinna Nuranisa dan Sholahuddin, “Khitān Perempuan Menurut Hadis”, (makalah, Proceedings The 1st Conference on Ushuluddin Studies, Gunung Djati Conference Series, Jilid 4, 2021) 678-691.

Sister in Islam, “Press Statement: Malaysia Must Protect Girls From Harmful Practices and End Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting”, dikemaskini 4 Februari 2022, diakses 26 Januari 2022, https://sistersinislam.org/press-statement-malaysia-must-protect-girls-from-harmful-practices-and-end-female-genital-mutilation-cutting/.

Sister in Islam, “Seminar Sunat Perempuan: Mengenal dan #Pikirbalik Amalan Turun-Temurun”, diakses 26 Januari 2022, https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=268783057940372.

Sister In Islam, “Sesi Pembelajaran: Merungkai Persoalan Sunat Perempuan”, diakses 26 Januari 2022, https://www.facebook.com/officialSIS/videos/889555505273451.

World Health Organization, “Female Genital Mutilation”, diakses 25 Januari 2022, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation.

World Health Organization, WHO Guidelines on the Management of Health Complications From Female Genital Mutilation (Switzerland, World Health Organization, 2016) 1.

Wahbah bin Muṣṭafā al-Zuhaylī, al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuh (Damsyik: Dār al-Fikr, 1985) 1: 460

Yūsuf al-Qarḍāwī, “al-Ḥukm al-Shar’ī fī Khitān al-Ināth”, diakses 25 Januari 2022, https://www.al-qaradawi.net/node/4306.

Ẓafar Aḥmad al-‘Uthmānī al-Tahānawī, Qawā’id fī ‘Ulūm al-Ḥadīth, ed. ‘Abd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghuddah (Beirut: Maktab al-Maṭbū’āt al-Islāmiyyah, 1984) 89-91.

Downloads

Published

2023-06-30

How to Cite

Mohd Ithnin, N. K., Suliaman, I., & Ibrahim, A. H. (2023). POLEMIK AMALAN KHITĀN WANITA DI MALAYSIA MENURUT PERSPEKTIF ISLAM: SUATU KAJIAN AWAL: Polemics Surrounding Female Circumcision Practices in Malaysia from an Islamic Perspective: A Review. Jurnal Fiqh, 20(1), 61–92. https://doi.org/10.22452/fiqh.vol20no1.3