ANALISIS HUKUM PENGLIBATAN WANITA SEBAGAI PENGEBOM BERANI MATI BAGI KUMPULAN EKSTREMISME AGAMA
A Jurisdiction Analysis on Women’s Involvement as Suicide Bombers for Religious Extremist Groups
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22452/fiqh.vol20no1.2Keywords:
extremism, fiqh, suicide bombers, religious terrorism, womenAbstract
Suicide bombing refers to someone who carries out a bomb attack with the intention of killing themselves as well as others. The destruction of human life, particularly involving women, without proper justification is considered contrary to religious and humanitarian values. However, there are extremist groups that use women to carry out suicide attacks that are oriented around religious arguments. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the fiqh perspectives on suicide attacks, particularly those carried out by women in the Islamic State (IS) group. This qualitative study used a selected informant interview approach in addition to document analysis of the IS group’s Dabiq magazine and other written materials. The results of the study show that suicide bombings, lone wolf attacks, and the like by women in the IS group against any infidels or those considered apostates are actions that are contrary to Islamic teachings. They are considered forbidden and sinful. However, scholars have differing views regarding suicide bombers that are specific only to the context of the Palestinian state and not other Islamic territories.
Downloads
References
“The Fail Crusade.” Dabiq 4, 11 Oktober 2014. https:// clarionproject.org/docs/islamic-state-isis-magazine-Issue- 4-the-failed-crusade.pdf.
“The Rafidah from Ibn Saba’ to the Dajjal.” Dabiq 13, 19 Januari 2016. http://clarionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/Issue- 13-the-rafidah.pdf.
“The Rafidah from Ibn Saba’ to the Dajjal.” Dabiq 13, 19 Januari 2016. http://clarionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/Issue- 13-the-rafidah.pdf.
Ahmad Suhael Adnan. “Malaysia Kutuk Serangan Bom Berani Mati di Jawa Barat”. Berita Harian, 7 Disember 2022. https:// www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/12/1036697/ malaysia-kutuk-serangan-bom-berani-ma ti-di-jawa-barat.
Ahmed Jadallah. “Female Suicide Bomber Kill Iraqi Soldiers in Fight for Mosul.” CBS News, 3 Julai 2017. http://www. cbsnews.com/news/female-suicide-bombers-kill-iraqi- soldiers-fight-for-mosul/.
Al-Hanbali, Muhammad Hussain al-Farra. al-Ahkam al- Sultaniyyah. Qahirah: Matba‘ah al-Mustafa al-Halabi, 1938.
Al-Jassas, Abi Bakar Ahmad ‘Ali al-Razi. Ahkam al-Quran li al- Jassas, jil. 1. T.t.p: Dar al-Ihya’ al-Turath al-’Arabi, t.t.
Al-Nawawi, Muhyi al-Din. al-Majmu‘ Sharh al-Muhadhdhab li al-Shirazi, jil. 19. Jeddah: Maktabah al-Irshad, t.t.
Al-Qaradawi, Muhammad Yusuf. Fiqh al-Jihad: Dirasah Muqaranah li ahkamihi wa falsafatihi fi daw al-Quran wa al-Sunnah. Qahirah: Maktabah Wahbah, 2009.
Al-Takruri, Nawaf Hayil. al-‘Amaliyyat al-Istishhadiyyat fi al- Mizani al-Fiqhi. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1997.
Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah. Atharu al-Harb fi al-Fiqh al-Islami Dirasah Muqaranah. Dimashq: Dar al-Fikir, 1998.
Ammar Shamary. “ISIS Turns to Jihadist Brides in Last-Ditch Attempt to Hold off Iraqi Forces in Mosul.” The Times, 5 Julai 2017. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition /world/isis- turns-to-jihadist-brides-in-last-ditch-attempt-to-hold-off- iraqi-forces-in-mosul-v9gzndb6l.
Anaedozie, F. “Has the Emergence of Female Suicide Bombers in Nigeria Depicted the Exploitation of Feminine Vulnerability? A Critical Appraisal of Boko Haram’s Female Suicide Bombers in Nigeria.” International Journal of Innovative Research & Development 8, no. 3 (2016), 224-225.
Ayob Khan Mydin Pitchay. Temu bual bersama pengkaji. 16 Julai 2018.
Cook, J. & Vale, G. From Daesh to Diaspora: Tracing the Womenand Minors of Islamic State. London: International Centre for Study of Radicalisation, King’s College, 2018.
Elbagir, N., Cruickshank, P. & Mohammed Tawfeeq. “Boko Haram Purportedly Pledges Allegiance to ISIS.” CNN, 9 Mac 2015. http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/07/africa/ nigeria-boko-haram-isis/index.html.
Ganor, B. The First Iraqi Suicide Bombing -A Hint of things to Come?. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, 2003.
Global Terroism Index 2015. Sydney: Institute for Economic & Peace, 2015.
Guilbert, K. “Chibok Abduction Outrage Inspired Nigeria’s Boko Haram to Deploy Female Suicide Bombers.” Reuters, 17 Ogos 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria- boko-haram-idUSKCN1AU14E.
Ibn Hibban, Al-Hafiz Ibn Hatim. al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah wa Akhbar al-Khulafa’. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, t.t.
Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali, Zain al-Din ‘Abd Al-Rahman. Jami‘ al- ‘Ulum wa al-Hikam. Dimashq: Dar Ibn Kathir, 2008.
Ibn Taymiyyah, Ahmad ‘Abd al-Halim. Majmu‘ Fatawa. Qahirah:
Dar al-Wafa’, 2005.
Imam Mustofa. “Bom Bunuh diri: Antara Jihad dan Teror.” Istishab dan Penerapannya dalam Hukum Islam 5, no. 1 (2011): 3-12.
Jason Warner & Hilary Matfess. Exploding Stereotypes: Characteristics of Boko Haram’s Suicide Bombers Jason Warner Hilary Matfess The Unexpected Operational and Demographic. USA: United States Military Academy, Department of Defense, or U.S. Government, 2017.
Kneip, K. “Female Jihad – Women in the ISIS.” POLITICON the IAPSS Acedemic Journal 29, no. 89 (2016): 88-106.
Kriel, R. “Boko Haram Favors Women, Children as Suicide Bombers, Study Reveals.” CNN, 11 Ogos 2017, http:// edition.cnn.com/2017/08/10/africa/boko-haram-women- children-suicide-bombers/index.html.
Mausu‘ah al-Hadith al-Sharif: al-Kutub al-Sittah. Ed. Salih ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al-Shaykh. Riyad: Dar al-Salam, 2000.
Mohd Johari Hussain. “Operasi Mati Syahid Menurut al- Siyasah al-Shar‘iyyah.” Disertasi Sarjana, Jabatan Siyasah Syar‘iyyah, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 2003.
Moore, J. “ISIS Unleashes Dozens of Female Suicide Bombers in Battle for Mosul.” Newsweek, 5 Julai 2017. http:// www.newsweek.com/isis-female-suicide-bombers-battle- mosul-631846.
Nuraina Hanis Abd Halim. “Ketua Sel Daesh Wanita Pertama Malaysia.” Utusan Malaysia, 18 Julai 2018. http://www. utusan.com.my/berita/jenayah/ketua-sel-daesh-wanita- pertama-malaysia-1.711770.
Paul Wilkinson. “The Strategic Implications of Terrorism.” Dlm. Terrorism & Political Violence. A Sourcebook. India: Har- anand Publication, 2000.
Rusli. “Suicide Terrorism: Menelusuri Justifikasi Fikih dalam Literatur Jihad Kontemporer”. Al-Tahrir 13, no. 2 (2013): 361-363.
Sofia Patel. The Sultanate of Women: Exploring female roles in perpetrating and preventing violent extremism. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2017. https://www.aspi.org .au/ publications/the-sultanate-of-womenexploring-female- roles-in-perpetrating-and-preventing-violent-extremism.
Speckhard, Anne. Female Terrorist in ISIS, Al-Qaeda and 21rst Century. Kertas Kerja Persidangan The Mind of a Jihadist, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2015.
Syed Arabi Idid. Kaedah Penyelidikan Komunikasi dan Sains Sosial, c. 4. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2003.
Terror Gone Viral Overview of The 100+ Isis-Linked Plots Against The West. House Homeland Security Committee Majority Staff Report 2014-2016. Homeland Security Committee, USA.
United Nations Security Council, Resolution 2249, 20 November 2015. http://www.securitycouncilreport. org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3- CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_res_2249.pdf
Van Ginkel, B. and Entenmann, E. The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union: Profiles, Threats & Policies. The Hague: ICCT, 2016.
Zamihan Mat Zin. Temu bual bersama pengkaji. 4 Disember 2017.
Zulkifli Mohamad al-Bakri. Temu bual bersama pengkaji. 18 Disember 2017.